气动系统基础知识

Posted on 25/03/202125/03/2021 by Mech_ju in Mechanical

一气动系统的基本组成由三部分组成压缩空气的产生，压缩空气的处理与传输，压缩空气的消耗。 1压缩空气的产生：电动机，空气压缩机 2压缩空气的处理与传输：储气罐，控制元件 3压缩空气的消耗：气缸，气马达。 4介质：空气。二控制元件按功能和用途可分为;方向控制阀，流量控制阀，压力控制阀 ●三联件由空气过滤器，调压阀，油雾器三部分组成过滤器主要过滤主要过滤固体杂质及水，有手动及自动排水两种，滤芯材质主要用树脂和铜。调压阀主要是调节消耗（使用）气压的压力。油雾器的作用是往压缩空气内加入油雾以润滑阀及气缸。建议使用透平1号油。三气缸; ●引导活塞在缸内进行直线往复运动的圆筒形金属机械。气压传动中将压缩气体的压力能转换为机械能的执行元件。 ●气缸是由缸筒，端盖，活塞，活塞杆和密封件组成 ●气缸的种类;往复直线运动和往复摆动两种往复直线运动的气缸有：单作用气缸，双作用气缸，膜片式气缸，冲击气缸二气压传动的优缺点气压传动的优点：1能源便宜2防火防爆3能源损失小4能适合于高速间歇运动5自保能力强6可靠性高，寿命长7安全方便气压传动的缺点：1稳定性差2输出功率小3噪音大4润滑性差5难以实现精确定位

液压传动的组成及优缺点

Posted on 25/03/202125/03/2021 by Mech_ju in Mechanical

液压传动系统的组成液压系统主要由：动力元件（油泵）、执行元件（油缸或液压马达）、控制元件（各种阀）、辅助元件和工作介质等五部分组成。 1、动力元件（油泵）它的作用是把液体利用原动机的机械能转换成液压力能；是液压传动中的动力部分。 2、执行元件（油缸、液压马达）它是将液体的液压能转换成机械能。其中，油缸做直线运动，马达做旋转运动。 3、控制元件包括压力阀、流量阀和方向阀等。它们的作用是根据需要无级调节液动机的速度，并对液压系统中工作液体的压力、流量和流向进行调节控制。 4、辅助元件除上述三部分以外的其它元件，包括压力表、滤油器、蓄能装置、冷却器、管件及油箱等，它们同样十分重要。 5、工作介质工作介质是指各类液压传动中的液压油或乳化液，它经过油泵和液动机实现能量转换。液压传动的优缺点 1、液压传动的优点（1）体积小、重量轻，例如同功率液压马达的重量只有电动机的10％～20%。因此惯性力较小，当突然过载或停车时，不会发生大的冲击；（2）能在给定范围内平稳的自动调节牵引速度，并可实现无极调速，且调速范围最大可达1：2000(一般为1：100）。（3）换向容易，在不改变电机旋转方向的情况下，可以较方便地实现工作机构旋转和直线往复运动的转换；（4）液压泵和液压马达之间用油管连接，在空间布置上彼此不受严格限制；（5）由于采用油液为工作介质，元件相对运动表面间能自行润滑，磨损小，使用寿命长；（6）操纵控制简便，自动化程度高；（7）容易实现过载保护。（8)液压元件实现了标准化、系列化、通用化、便于设计、制造和使用。 2、液压传动的缺点（1）使用液压传动对维护的要求高，工作油要始终保持清洁；（2）对液压元件制造精度要求高，工艺复杂，成本较高；（3）液压元件维修较复杂，且需有较高的技术水平；（4）液压传动对油温变化较敏感，这会影响它的工作稳定性。因此液压传动不宜在很高或很低的温度下工作，一般工作温度在-15℃~60℃范围内较合适。（5）液压传动在能量转化的过程中，特别是在节流调速系统中，其压力大，流量损失大，故系统效率较低。液压传动的应用范围的基本原理液压传动的基本原理是在密闭的容器内，利用有压力的油液作为工作介质来实现能量转换和传递动力的。其中的液体称为工作介质，一般为矿物油，它的作用和机械传动中的皮带、链条和齿轮等传动元件相类似。在液压传动中，液压油缸就是一个最简单而又比较完整的液压传动系统，分析它的工作过程，可以清楚的了解液压传动的基本原理。

气压传动、液力传动和液压传动需要掌握的基础知识

Posted on 25/03/202125/03/2021 by Mech_ju in Mechanical

一.气压传动气压传动以压缩气体为工作介质，靠气体的压力传递动力或信息的流体传动。传递动力的系统是将压缩气体经由管道和控制阀输送给气动执行元件，把压缩气体的压力能转换为机械能而作功;传递信息的系统是利用气动逻辑元件或射流元件以实现逻辑运算等功能，亦称气动控制系统。气压传动的特点工作压力低，一般为0.3~0.8兆帕，气体粘度小，管道阻力损失小，便于集中供气和中距离输送，使用安全，无爆炸和电击危险，有过载保护能力；但气压传动速度低，需要气源。气压传动的组成气压传动由气源、气动执行元件、气动控制阀和气动辅件组成。气源一般由压缩机提供。气动执行元件把压缩气体的压力能转换为机械能，用来驱动工作部件，包括气缸和气动马达。气动控制阀用来调节气流的方向、压力和流量，相应地分为方向控制阀、压力控制阀和流量控制阀。气动辅件包括:净化空气用的分水滤气器，改善空气润滑性能的油雾器，消除噪声的消声器，管子联接件等。在气压传动中还有用来感受和传递各种信息的气动传感器。气压传动的优点用空气做介质，取之不尽，来源方便，用后直接排放，不污染环境，不需要回气管路因此管路不复杂；空气粘度小，管路流动能量损耗小，适合集中供气远距离输送；安全可靠，不需要防火防爆问题，能在高温，辐射，潮湿，灰尘等环境中工作；气压传动反应迅速；气压元件结构简单，易加工，使用寿命长，维护方便，管路不容易堵塞，介质不存在变质更换等问题；气压传动的缺点空气可压缩性大，因此气动系统动作稳定性差，负载变化时对工作速度的影响大；气动系统压力低，不易做大输出力度和力矩；气控信号传递速度慢于电子及光速，不适应高速复杂传递系统；排气噪音大；二.液力传动以液体为工作介质，利用液体动能来传递能量的流体传动。叶轮将动力机(内燃机、电动机、涡轮机等)输入的转速、力矩加以转换，经输出轴带动机器的工作部分。液体与装在输入轴、输出轴、壳体上的各叶轮相互作用，产生动量矩的变化，从而达到传递能量的目的。液力传动与靠液体压力能来传递能量的液压传动在原理、结构和性能上都有很大差别。液力传动的输入轴与输出轴之间只靠液体为工作介质联系，构件间不直接接触，是一种非刚性传动。液力传动的特点自动适应性。液力变矩器的输出力矩能够随着外负载的增大或减小而自动地增大或减小，转速能自动地相应降低或增高，在较大范围内能实现无级调速；防振、隔振性能。因为各叶轮间的工作介质是液体，它们之间的连接是非刚性的，所以可吸收来自发动机和外界负载的冲击和振动，使机器启动平稳、加速均匀，延长零件寿命；透穿性能。指泵轮转速不变的情况下，当负载变化时引起输入轴(即泵轮或发动机轴)力矩变化的程度。由于液力元件类型的不同而具有不同的透穿性，可根据工作机械的不同要求与发动机合理匹配，借以提高机械的动力和经济性能；液力传动的基本原理原动机(内燃机、电动机等)带动泵轮旋转，使工作液体的速度和压力增加，这一过程实现了机械能向液体动能的转化；然后具有动能的工作液体再冲击涡轮，此时液体释放能量给涡轮，使涡轮转动将动力输出，实现能量传递。液力传动装置是以液体为工作介质以液体的动能来实现能量传递的装置，常见的有液力耦合器、液力变矩器和液力机械元件。液力耦合器又称液力联轴器，是一种用来将动力源(通常是发动机或电机)与工作机连接起来传递旋转动力的机械装置。曾应用于汽车中的自动变速器，在海事和重工业中也有着广泛的应用。液力变矩器由泵轮、涡轮、导轮组成的液力元件。安装在发动机和变速器之间，以液压油为工作介质，起传递转矩、变矩、变速及离合的作用。液力传动的应用液力传动用于现代化机器始于20世纪初，最早作为船舶动力装置与螺旋桨之间的传动机构，解决大功率、高转速的气轮机和转速受到”气蚀”限制的螺旋桨间的减速传动问题。现在液力传动已广泛应用于汽车、拖拉机、工程机械、建筑机械、铁路机车、坦克装甲车辆、石油钻探机械、起重运输机械、风机、水泵等产品上。三.液压传动液压传动是用液体作为工作介质来传递能量和进行控制的传动方式。液压传动的基本原理利用液压泵将原动机的机械能转换为液体的压力能，通过液体压力能的变化来传递能量，经过各种控制阀和管路的传递，借助于液压执行元件(液压缸或马达)把液体压力能转换为机械能，从而驱动工作机构，实现直线往复运动和回转运动。其中的液体称为工作介质，一般为矿物油，它的作用和机械传动中的皮带、链条和齿轮等传动元件相类似。液压传动系统由液压泵、液压控制阀、液压执行元件(液压缸和液压马达等)和液压辅件(管道和蓄能器等)组成的液压系统。液压传动系统组成元件动力元件，即液压泵，其职能是将原动机的机械能转换为液体的压力动能(表现为压力、流量)，其作用是为液压系统提供压力油，是系统的动力源；执行元件，指液压缸或液压马达，其职能是将液压能转换为机械能而对外做功，液压缸可驱动工作机构实现往复直线运动(或摆动)，液压马达可完成回转运动；控制元件，指各种阀利用这些元件可以控制和调节液压系统中液体的压力、流量和方向等，以保证执行元件能按照人们预期的要求进行工作；辅助元件，包括油箱、滤油器、管路及接头、冷却器、压力表等。它们的作用是提供必要的条件使系统正常工作并便于监测控制；工作介质，即传动液体，通常称液压油。液压系统就是通过工作介质实现运动和动力传递的，另外液压油还可以对液压元件中相互运动的零件起润滑作用；液压传动系统的工作原理以下图简单磨床为例。电动机带动液压泵从油箱吸油，液压泵把电动机的机械能转换为液体的压力能。液压介质通过管道经节流阀和换向阀进入液压缸左腔，推动活塞带动工作台右移，液压缸右腔排出的液压介质经换向阀流回油箱。换向阀换向之后液压介质进入液压缸右腔，使活塞左移，推动工作台反向移动。改变节流阀的开口可调节液压缸的运动速度。液压系统的压力可通过溢流阀调节。在绘制液压系统图时，为了简化起见都采用规定的符号代表液压元件，这种符号称为职能符号。基本回路由有关液压元件组成，用来完成特定功能的典型油路。任何一个液压传动系统都是由几个基本回路组成的，每一基本回路都具有一定的控制功能。几个基本回路组合在一起，可按一定要求对执行元件的运动方向、工作压力和运动速度进行控制。根据控制功能不同，基本回路分为压力控制回路、速度控制回路和方向控制回路。压力控制回路用压力控制阀来控制整个系统或局部范围压力的回路。根据功能不同，压力控制回路又可分为调压、变压、卸压和稳压 4种回路。速度控制回路通过控制介质的流量来控制执行元件运动速度的回路。按功能不同分为调速回路和同步回路。…

滚珠丝杆的故障现象及维修

Posted on 25/03/202125/03/2021 by Mech_ju in Mechanical

因滚珠丝杠传统系统在数控机床这机构中实际运行最为频繁，各部件经常产生机械磨损和润滑不良，因而，常常出现定位精度下降，反向间隙过大，机械爬行，轴承磨损严重，噪音过大等故障。当这些故障出现时就要我们对此做出正确的诊断，才能及时修复设备。滚珠丝杠在运动中产生的故障现象主要可以分为2类，其具体原因如下。 1.滚珠丝杠副运动不平稳，噪音过大这种故障现象主要是一些认为原因，具体如下： (1)伺服电机驱动参数未调整好。 (2)丝杠丝母润滑不良。 2.反向间隙大，定位精度差，加工零件尺寸不稳定滚珠丝杠螺母副及其支撑系统由于长时间运行产生的磨损间隙，将直接影响数控机床的转动精度和刚性。一般故障现象有：反向间隙大、定位精度不稳定等。根据磨损具体产生的位置，故障原因和细分为一下几类： (1)滚珠丝杠支撑轴承磨损或轴承预加负荷垫圈配的不合适。 (2)滚珠丝杠双螺母副产生间隙，滚珠磨损。 (3)滚珠丝杠单螺母副磨损产生间隙。 (4)螺母法兰盘与工作台没有固定牢，产生间隙。 3.检测与维修滚珠丝杠所产生的故障是多种多样的，没有固定的模式。有的故障是渐发性故障，要有一个发展的过程，随着使用时间的增加越来越严重;有的是突发性故障，一般没有明显的征兆，这种故障是各种不利因素及外界共同作用而产生的。所以通过正确的检测来确定真正的故障原因，是快速准确维修的前提。滚珠丝杠螺母副及支撑系统间隙的检查维修当数控系统出现反向误差大，定位精度不稳定，过象限出现刀痕时，首先要检测丝杠系统有没有间隙。检测的方法是：用百分表配合钢球放在丝杠的一端中心孔中，测量丝杠的轴向串动，另一块百分表测量工作台移动；正反转动丝杠，观察百分表上反映的数值，根据数值不同的变化确认故障部位。 (1)丝杠支撑轴承间隙的检测与修理。如测量丝杠的百分表在丝杠正反向转动时指针没有摆动，说明丝杠没有串动现象，该百分表最大与最小测量值之差就是丝杠的轴向串动距离。这时，我们就要检查支撑轴承的背帽是否锁紧，支撑轴承是否磨损失效，预加负荷轴承垫圈是否合适。如果轴承没有问题，是要从新配做预加负荷垫圈就可以了。如果轴承没有损坏，需要把轴承更换掉，从新配做预加负荷垫圈，再把背帽背紧。丝杠轴向串动大小主要在于支撑轴承预加负荷垫圈的精度。丝杠安装精度最理想的状态是没有正反间隙，支撑轴承还要有0.22mm左右的过盈。 (2)滚珠丝杠双螺母副产生间隙的检测与维修通过检测，如果确定故障不是由于丝杠串动引起的，那就要考虑是否是丝杠螺母之间产生了间隙，这种情况的检测方法几本跟丝杠检测串动相同，用百分表测量与螺母相连的工作台上，正反向转动丝杠，检测出丝杠与螺母之间的最大间隙，然后进行调整。 (3)单螺母副的检测与维修对于单螺母滚珠丝扛，丝杆螺母副之间隙是不能调整的。如检测出丝杠螺母副存在间隙，首先检测丝杠和螺母的螺纹圆弧是否已经磨损，如磨损严重，必须更换全套丝杠螺母；如检查磨损轻微，就可以更换更大直径的滚珠来修复。在修复时，首先要检测出丝杠螺母副的最大间隙，换算成滚珠直径的增加，然后选配合适的滚珠重新装备。这样的维修是比较复杂，所需时间长，要求技术水平高。 (4)螺母法兰盘与工作台连接没有固定好而产生的间隙这个问题一般容易被人发现，因机床长期往复运动，固定法兰盘的螺钉松动产生间隙，在检查丝杠螺母间隙时最好把该故障因素先排除，以免在维修时走弯路。 (5)滚珠丝杠螺母副运动不平稳、噪音过大等故障的维修滚珠丝杠螺母副不平稳和噪音过大，大部分是由于润滑不良造成的，但有时也可能因伺服电驱动参数未调整好造成的。轴承、丝杠螺母副润滑不良机床在工作中如产生噪音和振动，在检测机械传动部分没有问题后，首先，要考虑到润滑不良的问题，因为很多机床经过多年的运转，丝杠螺母自动润滑系统往往堵塞，不能自动润滑。这时，可以在轴承、螺母中加入耐高温、耐高速的润滑脂就可以解决问题，润滑脂能保证轴承、螺母正常运行数年之久。滚珠丝杠副的修复 …

滚珠丝杆的支撑安装方式

Posted on 25/03/202128/01/2023 by Mech_ju in Mechanical

滚珠丝杠副作为关键的滚动传动元件，被广泛应用于各种需要定位或传动的机构中，对机构的性能举足轻重。在实际应用中，滚珠丝杠副的安装方式的选择会影响整个机构的工作效果。

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Posted on 23/03/2021 by Mech_ju in Mechanical

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Posted on 23/03/2021 by Mech_ju in Mechanical

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Posted on 19/03/202119/03/2021 by Mech_ju in Mechanical

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Posted on 19/03/202119/03/2021 by Mech_ju in Mechanical

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Posted on 19/03/202119/03/2021 by Mech_ju in Mechanical

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Posted on 19/03/202119/03/2021 by Mech_ju in Mechanical

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Posted on 19/03/202119/03/2021 by Mech_ju in Mechanical

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Posted on 19/03/202119/03/2021 by Mech_ju in Mechanical

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Posted on 19/03/202119/03/2021 by Mech_ju in Mechanical

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Posted on 19/03/202119/03/2021 by Mech_ju in Mechanical

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Posted on 19/03/202119/03/2021 by Mech_ju in Mechanical

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Posted on 19/03/202119/03/2021 by Mech_ju in Mechanical

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Posted on 19/03/202119/03/2021 by Mech_ju in Mechanical

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Posted on 19/03/202119/03/2021 by Mech_ju in Mechanical

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Posted on 19/03/202119/03/2021 by Mech_ju in Mechanical

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Posted on 19/03/202119/03/2021 by Mech_ju in Mechanical

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Posted on 19/03/202119/03/2021 by Mech_ju in Mechanical

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Posted on 19/03/202119/03/2021 by Mech_ju in Mechanical

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Posted on 19/03/202119/03/2021 by Mech_ju in Mechanical

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